Introduction
In today’s rapidly changing world, characterized by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA), it is crucial to explore how spirituality and technology intersect in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, as defined by the World Economic Forum, necessitates holistic and integrative approaches to driving technology and rebuilding our understanding of human existence. Hinduism, with its rich spiritual tradition and adaptability, offers valuable insights into these themes. In this article, we will delve into the Hindu worldview and examine the relationship between spirituality and technology from a sāṃkhya yoga perspective.
The Hindu worldview and its adaptability
Hinduism, one of the world’s oldest spiritual worldviews and a living religion, encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices. Unlike Western logic, Hinduism accommodates seemingly contradictory ideas, allowing for multiple stances to coexist simultaneously. This flexibility can be seen in the Hindu scripture Īśa Upaniṣad (Īśopaniṣad), which suggests that the combination of “X” and “Not X” can transcend conventional boundaries, leading to an understanding beyond limited perspectives (Bhawuk, 2011). Hinduism’s holistic approach blurs the traditional divisions between religion, science, technology, culture, and civilization, intertwining them into a comprehensive whole. To truly comprehend Hinduism’s stance on technology, it is necessary to study its cultural, philosophical, scientific, and practical aspects together.
Spirituality and the treatment of non-living entities
In Hinduism, spirituality extends beyond rituals involving idols of deities. It encompasses reverence for all non-living entities that play a significant role in one’s life. Whether it is a machine, a vehicle, or a cooking tool, Hindus may personify these objects, treating them as conscious representatives of the divine. For instance, a worker may worship a machine, a driver may touch the steering wheel as a symbol of the divine, and a cook may pay respects to the oven while acknowledging the goddess
responsible for nourishment. This practice reflects the belief that all elements of existence are interconnected and deserving of reverence, owing to their origin from the same divine source.
Sanātana principles: contextual factors
Sanātana is a Sanskrit term that has several interconnected meanings. It is derived from the combination of two words: “san” meaning eternal or timeless, and “ātana” meaning dwelling or abode. Collectively, it signifies that which is eternal, perpetual, or everlasting. It is a term often used to describe the underlying philosophy and worldview of Hinduism. In Hindu philosophy and spirituality, Sanātana refers to the concept of the eternal and unchanging essence of the universe, often associated with the eternal truths or principles that underlie all of existence. Sanātana Dharma encompasses a broad range of beliefs, practices, and traditions that have evolved over thousands of years in the Indian subcontinent.
While Hinduism does not directly provide a single unified perspective on technology, certain sanātana principles provide a broader understanding of the relationship between spirituality and technology. These principles are believed to be applicable in any context, space, time, or to any individual. Among these principles are varṇa-āśrama-puruṣārtha (one’s occupation and stage of life), deśa-kāla-ṛtu (environmental context), and pātratā or adhikār (deservedness). These factors shape the way individuals engage with technology and determine its role in their lives.
A perspective on the existence of technology
From a sāṃkhya perspective, technology, including artificial intelligence (AI) and artificial general intelligence (AGI), can be understood as a combination of the three gunas: sattva, rajas, and tamas. Sattva represents balance and harmony, rajas signifies action and motion, while tamas embodies inertia and dullness. In the development and use of AI and AGI, the rājasika and tāmasika qualities are prevalent due to the manipulation of matter and technology for specific purposes. However, an excessive focus on tamas can lead to false perceptions and misunderstandings, blurring the line between sustainable means (artha) and disastrous outcomes (anartha). It is important to navigate the use of technology mindfully, ensuring that it aligns with sustainable and prosperous goals.
The complex relationship between Hinduism and technology
Hinduism maintains a complex and multifaceted relationship with technology. It recognizes the importance of individual agency and responsibility in using technology for either positive or negative purposes. Hinduism views technology as a tool that can be harnessed for good or ill, depending on the intentions and choices of individuals.
From a Hindu perspective, technology can empower individuals to make informed decisions and take responsibility for their lives. It can be a means of fulfilling one’s dharma, or duty, by using technology to help others or achieve personal goals that align with one’s higher purpose. For example, advancements in healthcare technology, such as AI applications, can contribute to improved patient outcomes and be seen as positive expressions of karma (action) when used ethically and responsibly.
However, tensions may arise when technology is misused or becomes a source of attachment and distraction. Hindu sources of wisdom offer guidance on integrating technology into one’s life in a balanced and mindful way. Historical practices demonstrate the assimilation of technological advancements into Hindu traditions and rituals, treating them as manifestations of divine consciousness. This integration occurs at both the belief level, where technological products are philosophically aligned with the natural cycle of life, and at the practice level, where rituals are introduced to provide meaning and respect to these new products.
It is important to recognize that technology itself is neutral; it is the intentions and actions of
individuals that determine its impact. Hinduism encourages individuals to cultivate discernment and wisdom in their relationship with technology. This involves being aware of the potential pitfalls of excessive attachment, mindless consumption, and the negative consequences that may arise from the misuse of technology.
In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Hindu spirituality can contribute to a holistic understanding of technology’s role in society. By integrating spiritual principles into the development and use of technology, we can strive for a more balanced and ethical approach. This includes considering the impact of technology on individuals, communities, and the environment, as well as fostering a sense of interconnectedness and responsibility.
Conclusion
The Hindu worldview provides valuable insights into the relationship between spirituality and technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Hinduism’s adaptability and inclusive nature allow for a nuanced understanding of technology, recognizing its potential for both positive and negative outcomes. By embracing the principles of discernment, responsibility, and balance, individuals can navigate the complexities of technology and contribute to a more holistic and integrative approach.
Incorporating spiritual perspectives into the development and use of technology can help address the challenges of the VUCA world we live in. It encourages us to reflect on the deeper purpose and meaning behind our technological advancements, fostering a more conscious and ethical approach. By integrating spirituality with technology, we can create a future that is not only technologically advanced but also spiritually aligned, promoting well-being, harmony, and sustainability for individuals and society as a whole.
References
- Bhawuk, D. (2011). Spirituality and Indian Psychology: Lessons from the Bhagavad-Gita. Springer Science & Business Media. Dordrecht, New York, Heidelberg, London.
- Nandram, S. S. (2019). Integrative Spirituality in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. From How we do things to why we exist. Inaugurele rede.
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